Online AP Classes Are Big Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online AP Classes Are Big Business - Case Study ExampleA system that allows one not to pay attention to major courses is disadvantageous for educational purposes.The AP classes have increased failure rates in schools. Many students are taking the AP classes in spicy schools. At the same time, statistics indicate that there is a growing number of students who fail their exams in high school. Thus, it is an indication that the AP system does not target or maximize on the students rate of learning. The learning outcomes are rather weak preventing the students from getting the maximum knowledge intended (Fandl & Smith 2013).Students undertaking the AP classes are at a disadvantage when joining college. Joining college entails students achieving a certain criteria of minimum requirements. The AP students are at a disadvantage as majority of the students fail to run out the exams. Thus, they cannot match the students who attended normal classes.The AP classes tend to cover much content i n class in a short time. The students fail to have a natural interaction with the instructors. The teachers cannot help develop each students according to their capabilities.The online classes are flexible and convenient. Online classes would be helpful for college students who have to keep their day job. It offers the student a chance to learn during free time. The free time could be during odd hours like late in the night. One could easily log in the schools website and access code scholarly materials or submit an assignment.The online classes are pocket friendly. One could save on certain expenses such as transportation on a day-after-day basis. It requires a computer and constant internet to take part in learning. There are colleges that would provide their students with free internet (Bourne & Moore 2004).Online classes would allow the students to take special courses. The classes are flexible and accommodating requiring only a few hours of attendance. A student

Engage In Personal Development Essay Example for Free

Engage In Personal Development Essay1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of accept impart role by knead description1.2 And 3.1 Explain expectations about give work role as expressed in pertinent standards. Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. A day in the life at my oscilloscope.Arriving at my setting each day I am required to sign in and blood line down the time. I put my bag in a safe and secure place so pip-squeakren netnot access. I check the message board and mediate with another(prenominal) staff members for any essential updates. We squander a child with a feed intolerance so I informed the cook to neutralize them aw be the child was catered for at any meals during the day. My 1st hour was spent up gradations with the toddlers aged between 2 and 3 years. I then check up on the planner to see what activities we had for that day. Today I set up the drawing table ensuring t present was enough paper, cray ons and chairs available for all the children present. I sat with the children whilst they linked in with the activity. public lecture to the children about what they were doing and describing all the different colours, sizes, shapes etc. This was promoting their speech and language reading and using creative skills too. Whilst supervising this activity I heady to complete a brusk observation on one of the children as she began to count and sing. I was interacting with all of the children trying to maintain interest.After a short while it was then time to tidy away all the equipment from the actives in which we shape up the children to economic aid too. Once the room was tidy we decided to take the children outdoorsy(a) in to the garden. Most of our toddlers be able to collect and put on their coats which we in any case encourage to do but some children are unable to reach out this at the moment. I helped to escort the children safely down the stairs ensuring they hold o n to the rail and do a head count to make certainly all children were present. I performed the outdoor risk assessment using the fooling check list. The children then are supervised using the toilet and washing their work force ready for lunch. I seat the children down at the tables ensuring they turn in cleaned their hands and they have adequate space to eat. I supply them all with a racket and we sing songs whilst the food is being dished out. I have named the childs food separately who has the food intolerance ensuring they receive the correct meal. The child is also supervised eating to ensure they do not mix foods with the other children. Some children have not developed the skills to cut their own food so I give assist with helping them to do that.Ensuring the meals are cool enough I then give each child a meal and always remind them of good manners by saying please and thank you. If children do not like the meal or try to refuse it I will always encourage them to try it . If I am work alongside the babies the above applies except some of the babies are too young to feed themselves and have not yet developed those skills. Babies will also need help with bottle feeding. I would also prepare the bottle feeds following the nursery policy. Ensuring correct formula is mixed and all bottles have been sterilised. Back in the toddler room, a child was struggling with their food and looked like they was choking. I immediately helped the child by taking the food out of their mouth with my little finger. The child became distressed so I solace them until they were able to return to their meal. Meal times are always supervised by all members of staff to help with any incidents like this. All meal times are recorded in the daily chart.This is where we write down what the child has eaten so we can relay this back to the parents/carers. When the children have finished their meal I help to clean the children up and get them ready for their afternoon sleep. I assi st with the toileting and other members of staff will go through the terse change routine. The children in the toddler room go to find their own sleep mats with the aid of their name and picture tag. Most children will remove their own footwear but again some have not yet developed those skills, so I will help. Some children have their own treasureers which I put out for them and I help to get them off to sleep with gentle patting. Once the children are asleep, I ensure the room monitors are on and working, make sure the room temperature is ok and all the children have their own blankets and they are safe. I then record each child in the daily sleep chart. This chart is for ours and parents benefits.We record when they sleep and when they wake up. As some children are only allowed a certain amount of sleep, this will help us to know when we have to wake them up. I then check on the children in the sleep room every 10 legal proceeding with the aid of a timer. When children wake fr om their afternoon sleep they are always asked to use the toilet. Some children are turn over when they awake so I will always comfort them. The afternoon usually consists of taking the children outside for free play. I get all their coats bags etc together and help to put their coats on. On this occasion it was a proficient sunny day so I applied their own sun cream following the nursery sun cream policy. I ensure they have sun hats and the sun cream is applied liberally. Before we go outside I take 4 children at a time down the stair and reiterate the importance of holding the hand rail. A head count is once again recorded and an outdoor check is done following the outdoor risk assessment. The toddlers are escorted outside counting each child as they go. They are shortly followed by the children/babies from the tiny room downstairs and they all play in the same garden.The children are supervised with in ratio. As its free play time, I leave the children to play but some children like me to kernel in with what they are playing with. Child A is playing with a dolls pram and child B is trying to take that away from them. I intervene and explain to child B we do not take toys from our friends when they are playing with them, its not very kind. Child B is upset so I took the child away and provided them with another toy to distract them from child A. This works very well and child B goes off playing happily alone with the other toy. Child A is also happy and also continues to play. Shortly after another incident happened where a child has travel and bumped their head. As I comfort the child I asked another staff member to get a cold compress. This is applied to the child for 10 minutes whilst still trying to comfort the child.The head bump is not too bad and the child soon calms down and returns playing. I then completed an separatrix form following nursery policy. This is then signed by the parent when the child is collected. During the afternoon, parents /carers come to collect their children. I greet the parents and explain what their child has been doing passim the day, taking the information off the daily record sheet. We usually have a short chat with the parents/carers about the childs day and will also take interest in their day too. We have a goodrelationship with our parents/carers and this also helps us to get to know the parents/carers and children too. After all the children have gone home, we tidy round and ensure the nursery is ready for the next day ahead.2.1 Explain the importance of reflective practice in interminably improving the quality of service provided. The nursery setting is always changing is so many different ways. We have new children being welcomed in to the setting and then we have children going through different types of transitions. The service we provide must reflect the needs of the children and by constantly improving our services we can better meet the need of the children and support their deve lopment. By constantly reflecting on out practice we can assess where we may be lacking in skills or knowledge and we can update these regularly to keep our services up to date and as supportive to the children as possible. A good compositors case on reflective practice is, we have a child that has developed an intolerance to milk, dairy products etc. We have briefed all staff members with information regarding milk sugar free diet for this child. We have a couple of children who have turned 2 years and have completed the transition upstairs to the toddler room.This meant we have more babies downstairs in our tiny room and the room has been slightly equipped with more age relevant toys and equipment. If we did not reflect on this, it could parry the development of the younger babies. Everyone makes mistakes they are one way of learning. It is important not to waste your mistakes, so if something has gone wrong, make sure you learn from it. Discuss problems and mistakes with your supervisor, and work out how to do things differently next time.You can use reflective skills in order to learn from situations that have not worked out the way you planned. It is important that you consider carefully why things turned out the way they did and think about how you will ensure that they go according to plan next time. Talking to colleagues and supervisors is equally useful when things work out really well, as it is important to reflect on success as well as failure. If you reflect on why something worked, this will make it more likely that you can repeat it. Information taken from http//www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/2.3 Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affectworking practices What we believe in, what we see as important and what we see as acceptable or desirable is an essential part of who we are. The way in which we respond to lot is linked to what we believe in, what we consider important and what interests us. We may find we rea ct positively to people who share our values and less warmly to people who have different priorities. As a professionals, we are required to provide the same quality of support for all, not just for those who share our views and beliefs. The key term here is Diversity being different people are unique according to their own background, culture, personality, race, any disability, gender, religion/belief, sexual orientation and age.4.1 Identify sources of support for supply and reviewing own development. Personal development is to do with developing the personal qualities and skills that everyone needs in order to live and work with others, such as understanding, empathy, patience, communication and relationship-building. It is also to do with the development of self-confidence, self-esteem and self-respect. In my setting there is always support for planning and reviewing my own development. I have already opted to improve my skills and development with a couple of course due to sta rt in December 2014. You need to have these goals in mind What you are trying to achieve? How you are you going to achieve it? How you will be able to tell when you have achieved it?Its also helpful to further your development by asking other team members, duty manager and managers. We have a fantastic team who are very helpful and are ready to give any help and advice to anyone who needs it. At my setting there are many text books, magazines and brochures with vital information I can look through if I encounter need some extra information in a certain topic of interest to further my development. We also have regular appraisals to guide and encourage further development and to also discuss current work practice. I feel this is extremely important. This not only boosts self-esteem but also gives vigilance a chance to reflect on your work practice and if there is any further development training needed. Ref http//www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk

Gang Violence in American Schools Essay Example for Free

Gang Violence in American Schools EssayDid you ever have to move because your kids were bullied at crop? Is the connection you argon living in is unsafe with anchor ring violence and you were afraid your kids leave alone grow up to be a ill-famed multitude upster? You believe the ideal luff to raise a family is in a higher income suburban area where the school system is better and your kids will be free from violence. You might want to think again. In f title, y exposeh gangs, now more violent than ever, are spreading to new locations (Gaustad, 1 ) totally across the country, including public schools. Gangs are moving suburban areas to recruit more members to expand their gang group. They are using new members to distribute drugs because it is appealing to new-fashioned children and profitable. It is causing an increase in violence in schools because other gang group does non get along with another set of gang. Kids are fright to go to school because they are afraid they might get bullied and attack. The dropout rates has increase, more weapons are being brought to school endangering lives. School properties are being vandalized with school logos and teachers are getting injured from trying to intervene (Capozzoli and McVey, 81).Gang violence in school are getting worse that school officials, comm oneness members, and law enforcements are coming together to figure out solutions. The three solutions that seems to be showing a great impact in reducing gang violence in American schools are school uniforms, coadjutor mediation programs, and later school programs. School uniforms are the first solution that will athletic supporter cut back gang violence in American schools. Gangs use colors, certain types of clothing, and bandanas to symbolize what group they are from or associate themselves with. Students that are not involved in gangs are unable to walk down the school hallway without being accuse they are involve with a tally gang due to the color shirt he or she may be wearing. School uniforms are typically seen in private or foreign countrys schools to indicate a business-like atmosphere ( Skiba, 10). Now it is becoming more common in public schools because it keeps pupils in similar clothing.The typical school uniforms normally consist of khaki pants and collar shirts. Female pupils are sometimes in a skirt that goes down past their knees. The colors of the collar shirts parti-color depending on what schools savants attend. School uniforms will end gang members from wearing clothing indicating what group they are from. This will admirer reduce violence between rival gangs because it will be difficult to point out what gang another student associate themselves with. Students will be able to concentrate more on learning than worrying about getting attack. Not only does uniform help reduce the violence but it also help schools bring unity together and help pupils who come from a family with financial difficulty fee l less pres accredited to dress a certain way to fit in (Lopez, 4).The Long Beach Unified School District decided to establish a school uniform policy during the 1990s to help pupils further their genteelness in an elementary school. The school district had supports from parents who feared for their childs safety while they were paseo to school and mistaken to be a rival gang member due to the color clothing they were wearing. Violence has dropped 86% later the school uniform policy been established for 5 years (Lopez, 4). Murray states, higher student ratings of the quality of school climate in schools with a uniform policy after studies was outweare on two North Carolina schools (qtd. in zip Tolerance, Zero Evidence, 10).The second solution are peer mediation programs. Peer mediation is a program that involves people who are chosen and educated to resolves issues between individuals that has repugn with one another. The program is used in schools, youth centers, and juvenile justice setting to help young people learn how to solve their run afoul through talking it out instead of using violence. Peer mediation programs are used to help decrease lockdowns, suspensions, detentions, and to bring positive atmosphere. Instead of adults trying to hue the conflict between young people, the program gives students the ability to help their peer s figure out a solution to their conflict with one another. It also allows the disputers to be more open and able to express why they are conflicting with the other student.Young people tend to feel more well-off and connect better with people their own age because they feel they wont be judged. Students are the initiator of confrontations among other students. They have to be deaf(p) and must go through training so they can understand the process. The process of peer mediation are broken down into six go where the facilitator has to come up with rules that must be followed, hear both sides of the story, determine i f it is the same issue causing the problem, suggest solutions that will fix the problem, make sure solution fits the goal of the outcome, and help dispute agree on a solution (Crawford and Bodine, 23).Classical high school in Lynn, Massachusetts has been using peer mediation program for 14 years now and feel that the program will help decrease violence in schools. The program is very valuable to the school that students have to put an application in and go through an interview process by the coordinator of the program, Miriam Markowitz to become a mediator. Student who have conflict dispute with one another are brought into a private room where the student mediator tries to resolve their issues by easing the pressure off the disputers to act a certain way if they were around their friends. Classical high school reported a 90 percent success rate (Weber, 9).When school is out kids can keep themselves occupied and out of trouble by going to an after school program. After school progr am is a safe place where kids are supervised, kept busy to drift them away from negative behaviors like gangs and drugs. A lot of the kids who goes to the after school programs lacks adult guidance, or come from a low income family that the parents are working a 12 hour shift and cannot be around to supervise their each move. The staffs at after school programs dont just help kids with their homework but they build relationships with them and try to guide them in the right direction (after school activities and clubs). After school programs are not just programs where kids come to do home works and activities, it is also a place where they learn about gang violence, how to prevent involvement. Council for Unity is an after school program locate in Riverhead, New York that was developed by Riverhead high school.The program consist of students from different ethnic backgrounds that come together every Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays to talk about what issues are going on in the community, ways to prevent the violence in their schools and to learn about gang violence prevention. The coordinator, Mr. Desenna beseech special guest to come by to talk and educate the kids (Council for Unity). Another after school program that is a major success and has been around since 1988 is Roca located in Chelsea, Massachusetts.Roca is a nonprofit organization that works with young people from ages 14 to 24 to help them stay away from gang, teen pregnancy, being incarcerated and tweak high schools. Roca work very closely with young people who are involved in gangs. Staffs from Roca have a program that they call outreach that consist of them walking the streets and trying to build relationships with the gang members. Most of the staffs have gone through incarceration or is an ex-gang member that has turned their lives around and using their experience to decide youths in a positive way. The program helped more than 15,000 young people make positive, profound changes in their lives (rocain.org)Gang violence in American schools is not going to go away overnight but if efforts are put in like establishing school uniforms, peer mediation programs and providing more free after school programs, it soon will not be an issue facing the school systems. Having positive young people trying to influence their peers will help tremendously.Works CitedCapozzoli, Thomas, and R. Steve. McVey. Gangs and Schools. Kids Killing Kids Managing Violence and Gangs in Schools. Boca Raton, FL St. Lucie, 2000. 81-82. Print. Council For Unity. Riverhead.net. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. http//www.riverhead.net/html/RHSnewscouncilunity.html. Crawford, Donna, and Richard Bodine. Conflict Resolution Education. Rep. Champaign,IL Research, 1996. Print. Gaustad, Joan. Gangs.ERIC Digest. Ericdigests.org. 2005. Web. 29 Mar. 2011. http//www.ericdigests.org/pre-9216/gangs.htm. Lopez, Rebecca A. The Long Beach Unified School District equal Initiative A Prevention-Strategy for urban Schools. The J ournal of Negro Education 72.4 (2003). The Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative A Prevention-Strategy for Urban Schools. Web. 31 Mar. 2011. http//elibrary.bigchalk.com.proxy6.noblenet.org/elibweb/elib/do/document. Project, Key. Roca Who We Are. Welcome to Roca. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. http//www.rocainc.org/about.php. Skiba, Russel J. Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence. Rep. 2000. Print. Weber, Gretchen. Peace among Peers. The Lynn Educator 2008. Print.

Learning Disabilities in Society Today Essay Example for Free

Learning Disabilities in Society Today EssayThe modern society has advanced very much comp bed to the earlier society, for simulation of the mid twentieth century. This advancement can be attributed to various technological innovations and inventions that have taken place in the society. The various spheres of change have wedged both positively and negatively on the welfare of the people. This is together with the welfare of those with disabilities.Disability has been and remains to be a major aspect of social inquiries and studies that has been conducted in the society. This is given that the disabled persons are part and parcel of the society. In this regard, the issue of disability as an area of study encompasses various aspects. This is for instance the kind of relationships surrounded by disability and work, disability and oppression, disability and education and disability and discrimination among others. In addition, studies on disability have centered on the measures t hat have been taken or ought to be taken to address the issue. The measures taken range from medical interventions and efforts to change the attitude of the members of the society towards the disabled people.Disability and the Society Today OverviewThere are several definitions that have been proposed for the line disability. The definitions depend on the orientation and experiences of the scholar. For example, in law, the precondition disability can be used to connote a personal or mental impairment of an individual (Shah Priestly, 2009).For the impairment to discard as a disability, the law requires that it must have a substantial and long term negative effect on the individuals ability to carry out normal day to day activities (Valentino Skeletonk, 2009). However, not all such conditions qualify as disabilities. For example, individuals with ailments such as cancer, HIV/AIDS and those who are blind or partially sighted are not considered as been disabled.According to the j udicial definition given above, impairments considered to make an individual disabled include sensory impairments, such as sight and hearing, or mental impairments such as schooling disabilities, dyslexia and mental illness (Bradley, Danielson Hallahan, 2002). Some severe disfigurements, for example those affecting limbs and other physical organs, are regarded as a disability. Some conditions that can worsen everyplace time such as multiple scleroses are also regarded as a disability as soon as they are diagnosed, counterbalance ahead they start to affect the individuals day to day activities (Lerner, 2000).There are criteria that have been put in place to determine whether a disability is long term or not. For example, for a disability to de regarded as long term, it must have lasted for at to the lowest degree one course of instruction (Bradley et al, 2002). Disabilities that have lasted for less than one year can also be classified as long term. This is when there are suff icient grounds to expect the disability to last for at least one year after its onset (Barnes, Fletcher Fuchs, 2007). For example, a loss of both limbs can be considered as a long term disability even if the loss is barely one month old. Also, for a disability to be regarded as long term, it must be expected to last for the rest of the individuals carriage (Barnes et al, 2007).As earlier alluded to in this paper, there are several characters of disabilities affecting people in the society. These range from physical disability, mental disability among others. Another type of disability that affects people in the society, albeit not so visible, is learning disability. This paper is going to look at learning disabilities within the context of the modern society. A general overview of disability has already been provided to create a context within which learning disability will be located.

Prevention Of Pressure Ulcer

Prevention Of imperativeness ulceration instancy ulcerations, or bed sores, or have been affecting humans for ages, and addressing the boilers suit obstruction of pressing ulcers is now a prominent national healthc atomic number 18 passing. Despite of all the advances in medicine, surgery, nursing c atomic number 18, thrust ulcers still remains a major cause of mortality. Pressure sore is a common problem among old throng and those who are immobilise or limited activity give care post-operative and other bedridden tolerants. (Bergstorm, 2005) Many studies state that elderly are prone for squelch ulcer throughout the world and its becoming a crucial issue (Nakagami et al., 2007). Pressure ulcer put forward be specify as a type of injury that affects domain of a functions of the scrape up or under finesse tissue of the body due to application of too much imperativeness on it. (Grey et al 2006) It develops as a result of tissue necrosis of the skin all over the bony p rominence, due to the obstruction of the blood vessels flow cause by the application continual impel on it. (Lyder, 2003)The total expenditure for the prevention of blackjack ulcer is substantially little when compared to its treatment (Lapsley H M and Vogels R, 1996). It can cause severe infirmity and high health-care expenditure. The estimated annual expense for the prevention and treatment of atmospheric pressure ulcers has been expected roughly 1.4 to 2.1 billion in the United Kingdom and is measured as a massive economic problem (Bennet et al., 2004). After cancer and cardio vascular disease, pressure ulcers are the third most money consuming disease (Schoonhoven et al., 2002) concord to European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) the occurrence rates of pressure ulcers are ranging from 8-23%. In acute care hospitals in the western countries the reported prevalence has wide-ranging between 9-22%. Improving the standard of pressure ulcer care could inuence the estimated annual expenditure and quality of life (Tannen A et al., 2004). According to Whittington et al (2000) the prevalence of 15% of pressure ulcers are recorded on admission, whereas for the 60% of the individuals at that place was no specific information about the presence or absence of the pressure ulcers. In another composition, it is clear that 12.8% have already had the infirmity on their admission.According to Rycroft-Malone, (2000) pressure ulcers can develop at any area of the body, moreover commonly occurs over bony prominences. ( Murdoch, 2002 Jones, 2001) The areas can supposed to develop pressure sores are sacrum, heels, elbows and back of the head. The appearance of pressure sore is very fast and hence the early estimate and feels to prevent is very obligatory (George and Malkenson, 2008). Pressure intensity and duration are the twain main factors for the pressure ulcer formation because of pressure. Pressure intensity is the volume of external pressure applied on int ernal tissues whereas duration is the amount of external vehemence is sustained by internal tissues (Cullum et al., 2000)According to NICE guidelines (2003) the endangerment factors influencing to develop pressure ulcer in an individual includes intrinsic lay on the line factors and extrinsic put on the line factors. The intrinsic try factors such as reduced mobility or immobility, sensory(a) impairment, acute illness, take of consciousness, extremes of age, vascular disease, severe chronic or terminal illness, previous history of pressure damage, malnutrition and dehydration. And extrinsic risk factors are pressure, shear, and friction. Shear is defined as the applied force that can cause an opposite, parallel sliding motion in the planes of an object. The amount of pressure exerted has got a direct affect on Shear. (Pieper B, 2007, Nix DP, 2007). Friction is defined as a superficial, mechanical force directed against the epidermis, resulting in increased susceptibility to ulceration (Pieper B., 2007).Pressure ulcers are classified according to different stages as defined by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP). Originally in that respect were only four stages, but in February 2007 these stages were revised and two more categories such as deep tissue injury and unstageable were added to it.Stage I -Redness of a localized area, usually over a bony prominence. in darkness pigmented skin may not have visible blanching as its colour may differ from the surrounding area.Stage II loss of partial ponderousness dermis showing as a shallow open ulcer with a red or pink wound bed, without any slough. It may excessively present as or open or ruptured serum filled blisters.Stage III The layer of subcutaneous fat may be seen but bone, muscle or tendons are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not cover the depth of tissue loss.Stage IV exposure of bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or may be present on some parts of the wound bed.Unstageable Loss of the thickness of the skin in which in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) in the wound bed.Deep tissue Injury discolour or maroon localized area of discolored skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue due to pressure. The area may be preceded by tissue that is firm, painful, and mushy compared to adjacent tissue. (NPUAP 2007)To prevent the formation of pressure sores cling tos are adopting a variety of measures such as risk sagaciousness and risk opinion motherfuckers, changing the position of the bedridden patients regularly, inspecting the pressure area regularly and term doing personal care, applying ointments or creams over the pressure areas, providing well-provided mattresses such as air bed, water mattress for the bedridden and immobilise patients, placing pillows under the places prone to form pressure ulcer for the vulnerable peoples, maximise nutritional status, etcetera However the efficiency of all these methods is in discussion and argument. This essay report will collate all the various available literatures regarding the prevention of pressure ulcer and suggest the better and good practice to prevent the formation of pressure sore among the high risk people.The standard of nursing care is very grand for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. The caring of patients, who are at risk with pressure ulcer, is the main challenge for nurses (Sinclair et al., 2004). According to Lewis M et al 2003 the first step nurses should make out is the risk assessment of patients and it is better to identify the patient at risk in the early stages, so we can prevent the pressure sores. It consists of take aim of mobility, nutritional status, level of consciousness and neurological status, incontinence, sensory impairment, complete patient history, and physical and psychosocial examination assessing mental status and cognitive ability. To choke caregivers t here are assessment collection plates to identify the patients at risk.According to Walker D K et al 2010 skin care and moisture are essential to prevent pressure sore. Maintaining skin integrity is important for the patients at risk. Moreover excessive of moisture and dryness can breakdown the skins resistance. Wherever moisture is present,it is important to clean the portion thoroughly. Patients identified at risk should be bathed once a day. PH balanced cleanser is used to protect the skin from moisture and dryness,it is a natural protection mechanism of a skin. When cleansing the skin daily or in the presence of moisture, it is necessary not to use extreme force or friction. even upthough moisture cannot be controlled, use skin barriers to protect skin from moisture. Dry skin also involve to be prevented by using a pH-balanced moisturizer.The studies conducted by saleh et al,(2008) and Lindergren et al., (2002) evidenced that use of risk assessment scale is successful in pred icting the formation of pressure sore(Decubitus Ulcer).The studies substantiated the mapping of risk assessment scales and their usefulness in the prevention and management of pressure sores. According to Lindergren et al., 2002 states the reliability of risk evaluation scale in the vaticination of pressure sore formation. However, the revision conducted by saleh et al. (2008), argues about the reduction in the occurrence of clinical acquired pressure scores through the regular application of risk assessment scales. Their learning also states that judgement of clinical assessment is also same valuable as associate with the detection of pressure sore through risk assessment scale.In addition, Defloor and Grypdonck, (2004) also stated that assessment tools have a vital use of goods and services for the prevention of pressure sore. There are many limitations for the risk assessment tools which may lead to provide wrong positive results. The reliability, specificity and feeling of th e scale are influenced by the impediment method applications. Nurses are using a variety of risk assessment tools based on practical experience they acquired. The risk assessment tools are assessed by means of numerical scores. The variables like level of continence,medications and nutritional status will give an average score for the risk patients(Whitening, N. L., 2009). Braden scale is the universally used risk assessment scale which includes the variables like sensory perception, activity, mobility, moisture and the nutritional status. The risk assessment scale works in such a way that as soon as the patient admitted in the hospital two step evaluation is carried out within the first six hours. The two steps include the skin assessment and the risk assessment to identify the possibility of formation of pressure sore (O Neil, 2004). Frequent evaluation and assessment should be done in every consequent evaluation at every 12 hours on patients who are at high risk .In the same way patients who are at low risk also inevitably to be evaluate frequently to observe or to identify any new risk factors and providing suitable preventive measures (O Neil, 2004).The most commonly used tool assessing the pressure sore in U.K is the Waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment tool. And it is user friendly and recommended by the nurses in U.K. Pancorbo-hidalgo et al. (2006), suggests that the Waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment tool has well pressure sore guessing ability and sensitivity which may result to get wrong positive results. With the waterlow pressure ulcer risk assessment tool among the seven assessment studies conducted by pancorbo-hidalgo, P.L. et al. (2006) they got only few findings with corrects values.Bergstorm et al. (2001) agrees that risk assessment is done by scales like Braden scale or the Norton scale in the hospitals which is more reliable. However there is no universally accepted risk assessment tool to be adopted to prevent pressure sore. any ways this, the utilization of the risk assessment tools has their own limits in clinical systems. Alternatively, Saleh et al. (2008) argues that medical judgement is successful as risk assessment tools to determine the suitable to be delivered. Nevertheless, Pancorbo-Hidalgo et al, (2006) Braden and Norton scales were noticed to be well again at risk calculation than the scientific judgements. On the other hand, according to NICE guidelines (2003) risk assessment tools can only be used as an aide-mmoire and should not replace clinical judgment.Normal supply of oxygen and nutrients are essential for the tissues, to maintain health. (Gottrup 2004). When patients seated or lying, the pressure form particular part of the body results in the decrease of oxygen causes pressure sore (Defloor 2005). The study conducted by Kaitani et al., 2010, Vanderwee et al., 2007 and Pearson et al., 2010 reveals the importance of changing the position for the bed ridden or immobilize patient in preventi ng pressure sore occurrence. Their studies evidenced the effectiveness of repositioning in regular intervals among the vulnerable patients. move is considered as an effective control method against pressure sores (decubitus ulcer). According to Vanderwee et al., (2007) the effectiveness of force of pressure greater in sideway position. He also suggested that unresisting position is the comfortable position to reduce the effect of pressure on the bony prominence. The experiment conducted by Vanderwee et al. (2007 reveals that more regular repositioning does not truly decrease the occurrence of pressure sore. But he recognizes that turning of patients is an effectual preventive method. The incidence of pressure ulcer is more in patients who are lying down in side way position. The risk has been reduced when the patients are lying down in supine position.On the other hand the study conducted by Peterson et al. (2010) argues that the effectiveness of repositioning is less or not reli able even though it is done by any experienced nurse. And he constitute that after maintaining an appropriate pressure below 33 mm of Hg reduce the incidence of pressure ulcer. He states that by doing this there is still befall of occurring pressure sore in the risk areas. While turning the patient they are not unloading the all areas prone to pressure effect with the skin. Even though the standard methods for preventing pressure sores are maintained the skin breakdown happening as the risk areas are not relieved from pressure. The study conducted by Kaitani et al. (2010) evidenced that patients suffering from pressure sore have done only a fewer change of positioning and turning. In their studies they states that they didnt noticed any patients with pressure sore who has been changed their position frequently in a regular intervals.From the findings of Hobbs (2004) also reveals that there is no decline of incidence in pressure sore in the hospital due to the routine repositioning on older people. Similarly Peterson et al 2010 found that still the incidence of pressure ulcer are change magnitude in the clinical settings where standard turning of patients has already been done. In EPUAP guidelines (2009), suggests that repositioning is an effective method which will decrease the extent and occurrence of pressure over susceptible points like sacrum, heels, elbows and back of the head bony prominences. However, there was no research study conducted by any researchers to calculate the time gap inevitable to turn the patient that means there is no evidence of turning intervals from any previous studies or researches.It is very important to inspect the clog up turn up while doing repositioning. Patient must be repositioned in regularity after inspecting the tissue viability, mobilising level, medical condition and evaluation of skin integrity. It is also subjected by the positive rise up So repositioning can reduce the incidence of pressure sore to an extent . In hospitals and health care homes it is suggested that repositioning to be done in every 4 hours and by the use of air mattress the incidence of the occurrence of pressure sore can be prevented. Many of the patients feels very discomfort while turning frequently, to avoid frequent turning pressure reducing support surfaces can be used to relieve pressure.Importantly pressure relieving support surface devices has vital role in the prevention of pressure. According to Cullum et al., 2001 it is divided into two, low tech devices and high tech devices. Low tech devices are comforting support surface to dispense the body weight over an area whereas high devices are alternating support surface where inflatable cells consecutively inflate and deflate.According to Lewis M, et al (2003) if the patients having a moderate to high possibility of developing pressure sore, dynamic support surfaces include a large cell alternating pressure mattress, a low air loss or air fluidized bed, or other pressure redistributing systems can be recommended. In a study conducted by Nixon et al (2006)found that in operating tables, specialised foam mattress overlays are effective to reduce the incidence of postoperative pressure sores while in other settings, specialized foam and overlays were the only surfaces that were constantly better to standard hospital mattresses in reducing incidence of pressure ulcers. To decrease the contact between bony prominences and support surfaces, pillows and foams are used. In addition to that for reducing the friction and shearing damage, lifting devices such as slide sheets, slings or sleeves can be used to move the patients.On the other hand, it is unclear about the evidence for the advantages of higher-specification constant low-pressure and alternating-pressure support surfaces for preventing pressure sores. However, there is clinical evidence of a difference in risk of developing pressure ulcers when using high-specification foam mattresses, com pared to standard hospital mattresses. (NICE 2005) Decisions for pressure relieving device should determine at risk assessment. It must include level of risk, comfort, patients preferences, general health and timing of the surgery..The studies conducted by Holm et al. (2007) and Ferguson et al. (2000) evidenced the significance of nutrition in pressure ulcer prevention. This study suggests that older people are mostly affected due to pressure ulcer. This is because of their less skin integrity and low nutritional status. The nutritional status of the elderly people is usually tie in with the level of intake of food and fluids along with various nursing intervention methods (Holm et al., 2007). Management of pressure sore and its treatment well-nigh related with the clients nutritional status. The people with less nutritional status have a high risk of occurrence of pressure ulcer. The nutritional status of the patient has to be assessed by the nurse initially. Adequate quantity of proteins, calories, minerals, vitamins and fluids are necessary to maintain the skin integrity and wound healing promotion (Ferguson et al., 2000).The advancement and management of pressure sore highly influenced by their nutritional status. For doing an successful preventive measures it is essential to carried out with proper nutritional evaluation techniques and planning (Ferguson et al., 2000).pressure sore and nutritional status are closely related to each other and are directly proportional to each other.patients who are with less nutritional status or malnourished are likely to be more prone to develop pressure sore (Thomas, 1997).To reduce the incidence both dieticians and nurses should work jointly.To assess the nutritional status of the patient and the level of malnourishment and proper planning and interventions to be done to improve the status if inadequate (Ferguson et al., 2000).According to EPUAP (2009) recommendation every health care system should do cover and eva luation tests of the nutritional level of the vulnerable people who are at risk of pressure sore.Pressure sore in majority cases are preventable and controllable. A targeted control measure is far better than pointing on treating previously recognized pressure sores. Preventive measures to deceits (pressure) sore saves time and money. By doing an effective preventive techniques can also minimise the loss of energy and reduction in the work load over the health care delivery personnels and staffs mainly nurses.Bergstrom N., Braden B., Kemp M., champagne M. Ruby E.(1998) Predicting Pressure ulcer risk. A multisite study of the predictive validity of the Braden scale.Nursing Research. 47(5), p.261-26Bergstrom N, Braden B. A prospective study of pressure sore risk among charge elderly. J Am Geriatric SBennett G, Dealey C, Posnett J. The cost of pressure ulcers in the UK. Age Ageing 2004 33230-5Cullum N, Nelson EA, Nixon J (2000) Pressure sores. clinical Evidence 979-98Defloor, T. and Grypdonck, M. F. (2004) cogent evidence of pressure ulcer risk assessment scales a critique. daybook of Advanced Nursing. 48(6), p. 613-621.Defloor T, De Bacquer D, Grypdonck MH. The effect of various combinations of turning and pressure reducing devices on the incidence of pressure ulcers. International ledger of Nursing Studies 2005 42(1)37-46.European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (2009) pressure Ulcer Prevention Quick Reference Guide. NPtJAP, Washington DC.Ferguson, M., Cook, A., Rimmasch, H., Bender, S. and Voss, A. (2000) Pressure ulcer management the importance of nutrition. MEDSURG Nursing, 9(4).Gottrup F.( 2004) Oxygen in wound healing and infection. World Journal of procedure28(3)312-5.Gray,J.E.Enoch,S.Harding,K.G.(2006) ABC of wound healing.Pressure ulcers.British medical journal.332.p.472-476Holm, B., Mesh, L., and Ove, H. (2007). Importance of nutrition for elderly persons with pressure ulcers or a vulnerability of pressure ulcers a systematic review. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(1), p. 77-84.Jones I, Tweed C, Marron M (2001) Pressure area care in infants and children Nimbus Paediatric System. Br J Nurs 10 (12) 789-95.Kaitani, T., Tokunaga, K., Matsui, N. and Sanada, H. (2010). Risk factors related to the cultivation of pressure ulcers in the critical care settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 414-421.Lewis,M., Pearson,A., Ward,C. (2003) Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment Transforming research findings into consensus based clinical guidelines. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9, p.92-102.Lindgren, M., Unosson, M. and Krantz, A. M. (2002) A risk assessment scale for the prediction of pressure sore development reliability and validity. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 38, p.190-199.Lyder, C., Yu C, Stevenson, D., Mangat, R., Empleo- Frazier, O., Emerling, J. and McKay J. Validating the Braden Scale for the prediction of pressure ulcer risk in blacks and Latino/Hispanic eld ers a pilot study (1998). Ostomy Wound Manage. 44(3A) p.42S-49S.Murdoch V (2002) Pressure care in the paediatric care unit. Nursing standard 17(6) 71-6National Institute for Clinical Excellence. (2003) Pressure ulcer prevention. Clinical guideline 7.Nix DP. Support surfaces. In Bryant R, Nix D, eds. sharp Chronic Wounds Current Management Concepts. 3rd ed. St Louis MO Mosby 2007235-248.Nixon, J., Nelson, E.A., Cranny, G., Iglesias, C.P., Hawkins,K., Cullum, N.A., Philips, A., Splisbury, K.,Dorgerson,D.J., Mason, S.,2006b. Pressure relieving support surfaces a randomised evaluation. Health Technology Assessment 10(22)Nakagami G., Sakai K., Matsui N., Sanada H., Kitagawa A., Tadaka E. and SugamaJ. (2008) Validation and determination of the espial area of the KINOTEX sensor todevelop a new mattress with an interface pressure-sensing system. BioScienceNational Pressure Ulce Advisory Panel (NPUAP) (2007, February). Pressure ulcer definition and stages. Retrieved 4/13/2007, from http// www.npuap.orgPancorbo-Hidalgo, P. L., Garcia-Fernandez, F. P., Lopez-Medina, I. M. and Alvarez- Nieto, C. (2006) Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 54, p. 94-110.Peterson, J. M., Schwab, W., Oostrom, V. H. J., Gravenstein, N.and Caruso, J. L. (2010). Effect of turning on skin-bed interface in healthy adults. Journal of advanced Nursing, 66(7), p. 1556-1564.Pieper B. Mechanical forces pressure, shear, and friction. In Bryant R, Nix D, eds. Acute Chronic Wounds Current Management Concepts. 3rd ed. St Louis, MO Mosby 2007205-234.Rycroft-Malone J and McInnes E (2000) Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention-technical report London, Royal College of NursingSaleh, M., Anthony, D. and Parboteeah, S. (2009). The impact of pressure ulcer risk assessment on patient outcomes among hospitalised patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18, p. 1923-1929Schoonhoven, L., Haalboom, J, R, E., Bousema, M, T., Algra, A., Grobbee, D , E., Grypdonck, M, H., Buskens, E. (2002) Prospective cohort study of routine use of risk assessment scales for prediction of pressure ulcers. BMJ, 325, p.1-5.Sinclair, L., Berwiczonek, H. and Thurston, N. (2004) Evaluation of an evidencebased education program for pressure ulcer prevention. Journal of Wound, Ostomy,and Continence Nursing. 31(1), p. 43-50.Tannen A, Dassen T, Bours G, Halfens RJG. A comparison of pressure ulcers prevalence concerted data collection in the Netherlands and Germany. Int J Nurs Stud 200441607-12Thomas, D. R. The role of nutrition in prevention and healing of pressure ulcers. (1997). Clinical Geriatric Medicine. 13, p. 497-511.Vanderwee, K., Grypdonck, M. and Defloor, T. (2007) Non-blanchable erythema as an indicator for the need for pressure ulcer prevention a randomized-controlled visitation Journal of Clinical Nursing .16, p.325-335.Walker D K, Sell S V, Kindred C. (2010) Pressure Ulcer Prevention Utilizing Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Crit pull o ff Nurs Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 348-355Whitening, N.L. (2009) Skin assessment of patients at risk of pressure ulcers. Nursing Standard. 24(10), p.40-44.Whittington, K., Patrick, M., Roberts, J, L. (2000) A national study of pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in acute care hospitals. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence, 27, p. 209-215.

Environmental Factors Affecting The Operations Management Commerce Essay

Environmental Factors Affecting The Operations Management Commerce EssayIncrease emphasis is spillage towards reduce waste, recycle and reuse crossroad parts. Societies and commwholeies have stressed the adopt on enteritis whereby watchs over waste disposals, global warming and other environmental issues atomic number 18 highly expected. Meeting Environmental quality standards ar one of the fundamental main aspects played by operations managementThe signifi stinkpotce of this issue is demon- started by a set of standards termed ISO 14000. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), these standards provide guidelines and a cortication program documenting a companys environmentally responsible actions.Key environmental factors basically have-to doe withing operations management tail assembly be identifiable as MICRO and MACRO environmental aspects asMICROLabor in competencyorganisational structureOrganizational cultureMACROTechnologyInnovationMarket/ customersEconomic conditionsGovernmental issues and regulationsAs far as the Alton Ltd is concerned one of the key environmental aspect can be indicated to be the mixed bag in economic environment of UK where the purchasing power of the people goesDown then ominous impacts could be expected. As a result visitors may demand even lower prices than 19 pounds per head having in mind the 2o million pound investments do to improve activities in the park. As a precautionary measure Alton can enter into a hedging deal if the economic conditions expected to be unacceptable.higher(prenominal) labor cost would be another environmental fact that can bring down the profit margin if the company has no proper control over the number of employees assigned irrespective of peak or off peak.Different perception of work measuring(As far as work measure is concerned it is a mathematical ferment of establishing the hairsplitting while duration that would be businesslikely taken by a qualified w orker at a designated degree of performance.In the view of work measurement at that invest are number of techniques have been set up to full fill the purpose. Regardless of any(prenominal) the technique in use the basis consists of three phasesan psychotherapy phase in which the job is spited into convenient, isolated components, commonly known as elementsa measurement phase in which the specific measurement technique is used to ascertain the time required (by a qualified worker working at a defined level of performance) to complete each element of worka amalgamation phase in which the various elemental times are added, unneurotic with appropriate allowances (see below), to construct the standard time for the complete job.The techniques used to measure work can be classified into those that depend on direct comment of work, and those that do not.For example, some techniques, such as pre determined motion systems and the use of synthetic or standard data can provide times from pr etending or even visualization of the work. However, the data on which such techniques are suitcased were almost certainly based on earlier observation of veridical work.Choosing a measurement techniqueThe choice of a suitable measurement technique depends on a number of factors includingthe purpose of the measurementthe level of gunpoint requiredthe time available for the measurementthe existence of available predetermined dataThe cost of measurement.It can be said that there is a tradeoff amongst some of these critical factors. For example techniques which derive times rapidly may result in relatively less suitable for some processes. around purposes, such as the establishment of individual performance levels on short-cycle work.The main advantage of structured and systematic work measurement is that it enables a common computer program for appraising and comparison of all types of work. The results obtained from work measurement are commonly used as the basis of the plannin g and scheduling of work, manpower planning, work balancing in team working, costing, labor performance measurement, and financial incentives. They are less commonly used as the basis of product design, methods comparison, work sequencing and workplace design.2 line twoVarious Operation strategies adopted by Tesco LtdAccording to the given scenario (scenario 2) Tesco is a wind giant with its core strategic business unit being chain of super markets having its presence in overseas as well. Number of operational strategies can be quoted in the given scenario which is attributable to strategic, tactical and operational levels.According to Tesco with its reputation to value as a strategic measure it has launched a web page that facilitated non food items as well as financial servicesAs per the tactical aspect Tesco has introduced different formats for shopping accompanied by It assisted improved customer relations that pass on affect long term sustainability of the entityThrough ope rations management Tesco will be in a position to put forward its critical success factors like protest Brand image and tightened supplier relations that gains cost advantage, in turn will add value to its short, intermediate and long term decisions in a to a greater extent than favorable manner.For an example, given the fact its sales growth reads around 21.9%. Cost allocations, budget preparations and controlling distributions to high sale segments and assigning employees to appropriate outlets can be strategically determined through effective and efficient operations management.Strategic importance of operations management in the decision making process3 Task threeWhen it comes to designing of a product or services number of factors will affect the process such as guest expectationThreat of substitutabilityProduct or service viabilityRestrictions from government and various social organizationsAccess to raw materials and effect on the existing product portfolio.Conversely, if the designing stage can be implemented successfully then the company would end up with high earning potentials that will also contribute to stakeholder wealthiness maximization. Long term sustainability may also be foothold on that particular forward-looking designed product enabling advancedly emerged markets etc..4 Task fourCapacity planning and control is an issue which is faced by almost every process in a given organization. Furthermore it can affect directly to the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. Capacity planning and control is concerned with making sure there is some level of balance amidst demand placed on an operation and its ability to fulfill the demand. If an operation has too much capacitor at any point in time it will be chthonicutilizing it resources, paying out for machinery and facilities and often paying its staff but, because demand is lower than capableness, its costs are spread over two hardly a(prenominal) customers. As a result the cost per customer will be very high. If it has too little capacity, its costs will be low (because its facilities will be fully utilized)however its capacity will be very poor as it is either turning customer away or making them watch for their product s or services. In light of this, it will undermine the companys success towards the prox. Therefore there are serious consequences of getting the balance between demand and capacity wrong.Tesco can gain cost benefits with more appropriate allocation of supermarket space for fast moving items and also allocating employees at correct capacity without inputting more labor nor inputs that will lead to diminishing returns.Decisions are aimed at providing the total amount of capacity at the right place at the precise time. There are number of factors to be looked into before arriving at its final decision on where to establish, but the ideal locations are where the costs are at lowest. When it comes to the long term view capacity planning is largely determined by the size of the facilities provided. Like availability of a trained workforce, staffing levels in call of market demand and need to make the stable workforce, number of people in operations, cost of land and premises. In the short course available capacity must be allocated for the relevant task by scheduling the number of people. Equipment etcInventory planning and control systemsInventory control system is a process for managing and locating objects or materials. In common usage, the term may also refer to just the software components.Modern archive control systems often commit upon barcodes and RFID tags to provide automatic identification of blood objects. In an academic study performed at WALMART, RFID reduced Out of Stocks by 30 percent for products selling between 0.1 and 15 units a day. Inventory objects could include any kind of physical asset merchandise, consumables, fixed assets, circulating tools, library books, or capital equipment. To record an gillyflower transaction, the system uses a BARCODE SCANNER or FRFID READER to automatically identify the inventory object, and then collects additional information from the operators via fixed terminals mobile computersBuffer inventory is required as1. Compensation for differences in the timing of affix and demand2. Compensation for the uncertainties inherent in supply and demand3. One or more stages in the operation cannot supply all the items it produces simultaneously4. Material cannot be transported instantaneously between the point of supply and the point of demand(www.growingsmallbusiness.com)Today maintain inventory levels have become a tuff challenge. inventory not being managed would result in adverse manner where substantial expenses will incur..Fortunately, there are management information systems that exist which use microcomputers and a variety of industry specific software. The cost of carrying inventory today has become a major(ip) expenditure and requires immedi ate attention. The benefits of inventory control far outweigh the costs. Any reduction in inventories, whether it is raw material, work-in-process, finished goods or supplies, can have a dramatic impact on your bottom line.Industry averages suggest that a 20 percent DETERIORATION in inventory is achievable with a computerized inventory control system. For a entity with a yearly sales volume of $1 million, such a reduction would result in savings of $14,400 per annum and would free up $48,000 of new dollars for reinvestment. For a entity with a yearly sales volume of $10 million, the figures are proportionately higher $144,000 per year in savings and $480,000 in new dollars for reinvestment.5 Task fiveOperations strategies that can be used for TescoBasically retail industry involve in the business of sale of new or used goods to the end consumer for personal or household consumption purposes. Since the cut-throat competition is becoming tougher in retail space with increasingly growi ng supply and demand.In order to continuously improve on the processes and leverage on the core competencies, in the case of TESCO (OWN BRAND NAME AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE) there is a need for a foundation that provides accurate information wherever whenever require. This brings the need for the strategic management of supplies and inventory as far as retail industry is concerned. To change an in-store paper based environment of registering sales in retail shops to an online shopping environment, there is a need for integration would arise in order to leaven customer satisfaction, increase productivity and liberate sales from registering chores and extend market beyond traditional bounds.To sustain and over grow in the market place enriching category, item planning, streamlining product introductions and other business strategies alone will not be sufficient, nevertheless to improve the customer experience and further differentiate the smirch real time visibility to sales and order status, in store kiosks, and service desk encasements and strategic technologies to track inventory have become the call.New efficiency I managing the stocks and collaborative forecasting and replenishment help ensure the product customers want are readily available on store shelves.For a leading retailer like Tesco inventory lying would be of great use since it holds on to substantial inventory levels that are associated with higher stock holding costs. besides risk of inventories being destroyed is also there resulting In disastrous effects.In contrast Tesco and Alton towers ltd are two extreme entities catering to different industries where Tesco is more physical assets and labor oriented whereas Alton is more or less into services..In comparison both the entities have to have better control mechanism with efficient control over labor, resource management etcProject management and quality controlProject Managers take decisions in planning and monitoring tasks and resources, cont rol cost and budgets and identify and resolve issues associated with the contrive.To be successful the operation management should sign up the range of competing requirements for resources. The project managers must retain all levels of operation management by monitoring authoritative projects in an aggregate form. They can provide the operation management tools and expertise to make informed decisions that improve the organization as a whole. Without a single point of project planning and control, decisions such as resource assignments and issue reorganization that are not effective. For an organization to accomplish project management successfully, they must organize the track for resource allocations throughout the organization.Compare and contrast between retail and service operations in the view of Tesco and Alton LtdAs far as the two entities are concerned Tesco would emphasize more on its product, distribution channels as well as employees working under the company. On top of that Tesco is currently maintaining strategic business units such as Tele communication, groceries, non food items and provision of financial services could be segregated from Alton Ltd which has one strategic business units operated in as a hotel and concerned on solely on providing customer friendly services in its theme park.In a broader scale Tesco with its chain of super markets operated in different geographical areas where activities would be concentrated based on its various economic factors, cultures etc nevertheless. Of its critical success factors viz. brands, lower prices being maintained, and local approach for advertising and marketing will have to be maintained in order to operate at current capacity as well as future growth potential.CONCLUSIONConcerning the facts included in the aforementioned report it can be concluded that Alton Ltd has future potential of having a steady growth in to the future whilst Tesco seems to be struggling to remain in Monopoly status through effective and efficient .operations management.On top of that it would be more appropriate Alton Ltd could further allocate the theme park separately for a certain age group and train the workers to undertake any jobs specialized to that particular area (area allocated to specific age group)also multi task capable workers would improve the efficiencies in the operations inside the park in a instance of absence of employee for a major task.Tesco will be required to minimize the regulation pressure currently confronted with and improve in customer base through innovative thinking such as launch of Tesco.com and maintaining better customer relations,Since Tesco is equipped with few strategic business units, its corporate level strategies are bound with these business units which will enable the company to evolve if the cooperate and business strategies are achieved through its effective operation managementBetter family with suppliers would enable Tesco to maintain economies of scale in an inflationary situation over its other key competitors.REFERANCES(www.gorecroot.com)www.ims-productivity.com)www.ims-productivity.com

Singlish And Its Discourse Particles English Language Essay

Singlish And Its Discourse Particles English Language EssaySingapore Colloquial English or to a greater extent(prenominal) fondly known as Singlish contains a number of pragmatic segments that own suffer under much scrutiny and discussion over the years. These fractions remove received much caution, and become a distinctive representation of Singlish.Many studies piss been do over the years on the use and functions of these pinpoints (Platt 1987 Platt and Ho 1989 Wong, 2004 Gupta, 2006 Lim 2007, 2011). Much work and research make water been done on the classification, history, origins and reasons for the emergence of these qualityicles in the use of Singlish (Lim 2007, Gupta 1992). Gupta (1992) proposed a scale of assertiveness of which eleven SCE particles could be agencyd on in terms of different degrees of assertiveness. crap (2002) however, took a different stance, and sought to highlight and substantiate the development and possible evolution of Singlish particles in his analysis of the particle lor using the grammaticalisation framework developed by Traugott (1982, 1988, 1989). Platt (1987 392) gave a more simplified explanation on the function of these pragmatic particles, and claimed that in a sentence, these pragmatic particles convey additional misbegoting over and to a higher place that expressed by the rest of the utterance. This meant that a particle holds by itself independent meaning, and when different particles ar attached to an utterance, it would produce different meanings. lee side (2007 2) illustrated this point by using the next compositors case (1)(1)a. I want to plight mah.b. I want to drink lah.c. I want to drink leh.d. I want to drink lor.e. I want to drink hor.f. I want to drink a.In this example, the head clause of I want to drink does non change. According to Lee (2007 2), the clause-final particles are syntactically and semantically optional, as their omission affects neither the grammaticality nor the basic m eaning of the matrix clause. Therefore in SCE, each clause would possess a different meaning and communicative function by virtue of the clause-final particle attached to it.For example in 1(a), mah per reachs what Gupta (1992 43) calls a contradictory function. By adding mah, the clause would exhibit that it is a contradictory response to a prior utterance, by presenting what is being said as an absolute and obvious fact. In contrast, succession lor in 1(d) bay window perform a similar function to mah of presenting what is being said as an obvious fact, it generates and encompasses other different meanings. According to Guptas (1992 43) definition again, the primeval function of the more mildly assertive lo is to mark a directive or to create a innuendo. In my opinion, the point that Gupta makes roughly a particle having a central function is not inevitably accurate, as a particles usage is based on users preferences and choices, and not based entirely on the effectiveness of a particle in an utterance as suggested by Gupta in her allocating of a primary serving function to the particles. Going back to the main point, 1(d) can now mean that the speaker is suggesting an activity (to drink), probably in response to a read/write head much(prenominal)(prenominal) as What do you want to do there?. Thus, it is clearly unmistakable that these particles can change the entire meaning of an utterance.1.2 Tone in SCE Pragmatic ParticlesHowever, the interesting thing about these pragmatic particles is that they, individually, possess many tonal variants. Guptas suggestion that the particles have a central function to a fault reflects the evidence that these particles have multiple meanings and functions. Taking the much studied particle lah for example, Loke and Low (1988) determine a total of nine tonal variants of lah, classifying them into three major groups termed high, mid or low. However there is a general lack of agreement in terms of recognising the tonal quality of particles. There have been studies that suggest the alternative view is true (Detarding, 1994), and that a particle, especially when sentence final, functions as the carrier of the modulation contour of the utterance (Gupta, 1992). This disagreement meant the number of different particles lah remain a mystery (Wong, 2004 760). However, what is clear from this is that it is very possible for a particle to have at least two different meanings and functions which some have repugnd, is differentiated by tone.Focus has tended to be placed more on Singlish particles as a group, rather than dissecting their various meanings and grammaticality individually. While there is now growing attention and research done in analysing individual Singlish particles ( take in, 2002, 2003 Wong, 2005 Lee, 2007), data and analysis are hitherto lacking in terms of quantity. In this paper I will counsel on the particle leh, which is sometimes withal written as lei.However, mend I am o f the view that pragmatic particles in SCE do possess tonal variants, I would wish to challenge the notion that the different meanings and functions leh can be categorised into just tonal variants (Lee, 2007), and I argue that there are actually two different particles in leh, which possess tonal variants of their own. This is a substantive tone because these two particles of leh, can be produced with the same tone, yet their meanings differ. I also attempt to add on and complement previous research in this area of study.2. Neglected variant of leh2.1 Unpopular leh?Leh is larnmingly a less frequently apply particle, and Wong (2004) suggests that less popular particles such as leh as compared to particles such as lah could be less popular due to it lacking certain components that allow users to express their cultural norms of interaction in everyday terminology (2004 764). In fact, an analysis of the ICE-SIN corpus (containing about 600,000 words) showed leh to be the third least unremarkably utilize particle out of 10 particles selected (Ler, 2005). The particles seemingly low accompaniment in Singlish utterances and conversations could also be one of the reasons for a lack of attention and research in this area.2.2 /l/ and /le/It is notable, and also the central point of focus in this paper, that leh exists in more than one form. By form, it is meant that leh possesses a different version of itself which differs in not just tone, but pronunciation, and also in meaning. When the particle leh is mentioned, the typical representation of it is that of /le/. In this paper, I seek to bring added attention to its heteronym, /l/. It must also be added that within the two cave in versions of leh, different meanings and forms of usage can be derived as well, depending on context.Studies in the past have typically mentioned or focused simply on the /le/ version of leh, failing to distinguish the difference amid the two versions (Gupta 1992, 1994 Lim, 2004, 2007). Even when the difference in function and meaning is noticed and investigated, a distinction between them fails to be made (Lee, 2007), thereof hampering further analysis of /l/ as a separate particle. I contest that previous assumptions are incorrect, and will seek to show the marked distinction in the usage of /le/ and /l/ in this paper.I believe one of the main contributing factors for the lack of distinction of these two different particles, is due to them having an entirely similar Romanised form of leh. I have mentioned earlier that these two particles function as heteronyms. Due to the fact that they have identical Romanised forms, and tone is often not encapsulated in a Romanised script, it breeds a sense of the two particles being the same. While they do share certain traits in terms of meaning, I would like to prove in this study that the range of their meanings would point to them being separate, independent particles.It is also worth noting that the fact that lit tle attention has been paid to the /l/ form of leh could possibly be attributed to it being a somewhat recent development. As mentioned by Lim (2011 13), Singlish is capable of displaying a continuum of possibilities in prosodic phonology, of more mesolectal and more basilectal features, and Singlish may in fact be viewed as changing, in the more Sinitic-dominant ecology of the recent era, to display more Sinitic features. It is thus worth hypothesising that change had possibly occurred to the particle itself, in the process changing its pronunciation and range of attitudes conveyed. This however, will not be the main focus of the paper.3. prior Studies3.1 Gupta (1992), and Lees (2007) arguments against Gupta (1992)Gupta (1992) analysed a total of 11 different particles in Singlish, and categorised them on a scale of assertiveness. Guptas claim is that these particles can be marked as belong to three main categories of contradictory, assertive and tentative. According to her, contr adictory particles are used in cases where there is an explicit contradiction to something that had been previously said. In her terms, these particles are maximally assertive. Next down the scale is the assertive group, this group consists of particles which express speakers positive commitment (Gupta, 1992 37) to a particular utterance. Finally, there is the minimally assertive tentative group. Particles in this group present a less positive commitment as compared to the assertive group.Guptas attempt to categorise these particles on a scale of assertiveness have met with some competition and disagreement (Wee, 2002 Wong, 2004). In particular her choice of labelling Singlish particles as being assertive in nature has been challenged, and Wong (2004) suggests that this classification displays an ethnocentric view in that Gupta is taking an Anglo cultural perspective (Wong, 2004 752). Moreover, I will not be dealing with the contention surrounding Guptas scale of assertiveness in t his paper.Gupta (1992) also include a non-pragmatic classification of leh (appears as lei in Guptas paper), which she lists as being used in x-interrogatives which do not have a wh-word, and recaptures a contextually understood antecedent x (Gupta, 1992 36). This version of leh in question is classified as a high-level tone leh (Platt 1987 Platt and Ho, 1989), and Gupta claims in this way, leh can be translated as What about? when used as a question particle. This is a view maiden mentioned by Platt (1987), but is not an accurate analysis of the particle. As mentioned by Lee (2007), this translation cannot adequately capture the meaning of every occurrence of leh. As with many other pragmatic particles in SCE, contextual factors play a huge role in the interpretation of the meaning of the particle. While leh can carry the meaning of What about?, it is by no means restricted to such a definition. Lee (2007) takes issue with this particular definition of the question particle leh, an d tried to explain how What about? cannot be used in certain contexts with question particle leh. I list out two examples he used to illustrate his pointLee (2007)(2)A Everyones here. Lets go.B Wait. Siew Lian leh?(3)A Alan will overfly the tables, and John will sweep the floor.B Then Siew Lian leh?Lee (2007) claims that in (2), the utterance with leh should be Wait. Where is Siew Lian?, and in (3) it would then take the suggested translation of What about?. He goes on to say that this is proof of how high-level tone leh does not necessarily carry the meaning of What about?. What he is trying to explain is that how an utterance is influence with the use of leh will be shaped by the context of which it is used in. I agree with this view, however, I disagree with how he illustrates his point.This is because in trying to argue for the flexibility of high-level tone leh, he has neglected to acknowledge a similar flexibility in terms of meaning for What about? as well. For example in ( 2), Wait. What about Siew Lian? can still be construed and understood as a question asking for the whereabouts of Siew Lian. It does not necessarily have to be frame as an explicit question demanding for the whereabouts or location of Siew Lian in Where is Siew Lian. The converse is true for (3), and we can flip Lees (2007) claim against himself by showing that what about Siew Lian could also be translated explicitly as Then what would Siew Lians duties be?. Thus, similar to high-level tone leh as a question particle, What about? is also dependent on context. This can be further illustrated in the following(4)A We will all be going to the party at 10.B What about Tim?Bs utterance can be understood as asking whether Tim would be going to the party as well. However, supposing Tim has fallen very sick and needs soul to be by his bedside. Both A and B know it would be near impossible for Tim to go to the party, and the most immediate concern would be having soulfulness look after Tim. In this case, Bs utterance would be taken to be asking Then whos going to take care of Tim?. Thus, we can see that What about? functions similarly with high-level tone leh in that they depend upon contextual factors for a correct interpretation. As such, Lees (2007) usage of a narrow definition of What about? as an argument is not conclusive evidence for the incorrectness of this definition for high-level tone leh.However, this is where the similarities between them end. Using the following example(5)A If surface-to-air missile comes tonight, we can finish.B Then he dont come leh?In (5), What about? cannot be used anymore. In such a scenario, What if would be more appropriate, as in What if he doesnt come?. What if and what about have markedly different meanings, and while we will not delve deep into their range of meanings and functions, it can be agreed that they do not carry the same meaning. As we can see then, high-level tone leh can be used more than as What about?. As such, it is incorrect as suggested by Platt (1987) and Platt and Ho (1989) to translate high-level tone leh as simply What about?. While leh in this form can possess such a meaning, it does not necessarily always translate to such a definition.Gupta (1992) also included the maximally assertive leh, and claims that some(prenominal) declaratives and imperatives with leh frequently, but not always, function as directives (1992 42). She also manages to recognise and identify the /l/ form of leh when she used the following data(6)YG finds passing-out parade pictureYG Soldier is like that one leh? high riseAG YesShe stated that in (6), it meant the statement with leh was made with an expression of surprise. In her words in such a case, the speaker makes an observation, of which there is no doubt, but which is unexpected (Gupta, 1992 42). This is different from leh the question particle, and leh the assertive particle which she identifies in her paper. Despite identifying this, she fails to d istinguish the difference between /l/ and /le/, and treats it as a deviation of the meaning of leh as a result of context, rather than see it as a separate particle. Lee (2007 6) brings up another point of contention when he suggests this example is a case of misguided induction, caused by the inadvertent use of an isolated example. He goes on to say this is most likely a cognitive process error, whereby the particle is being misused, and claims this is typically unacceptable to a native SCE speaker.First of all, it is not clear as to which pronunciation of leh Gupta is referring to in her excerpt. If the version of leh used is /le/, then indeed the particle does seem out of place in the utterance. In this case, I would agree with Lee that there is a performance error. However, supposing the /l/ version is the one used by the speaker, there would be nothing wrong at all, and it is definitely acceptable. As I will show further in the study, there are examples of native SCE speakers reproducing this leh in other instances. Lee (2007 6) also continues and suggests the use of the particle meh instead in place of leh as being more appropriate. This is highly incorrect, as this would give the utterance an entirely different meaning. Since this study does not concern the study of meh, I will not dwell on this issue.Moreover, this confusion highlights one of the problems of not distinguishing clearly the two different particles of leh /l/ and /le/. The fact that one of the variants of leh would be out of place in a utterance that would be appropriate with the other, further supports the argument that these two should be treated as two different, separate particles.3.2 Wee (2004)Wee (2004) in his paper included a different function of leh. He suggests that leh marks an assertion or request as being tentative, and therefore working as a pragmatic softener (2004 122). In his analysis, Wee (2004) used an excerpt from the GSSEC to display such a softening function(7)A Actually come to think about it actually, er, this movie speaks very badly about men leh.According to Wee (2004), leh softens the opinion that A makes, and signifies that it is a weak opinion, therefore explaining the speakers hesitation and sheepishness in devising the statement. However, it is not clear what version of leh the speaker used. In fact, both /l/ and /le/ can be used in such in instance without affecting Wees interpretation. Despite this, I argue that /l/ and /le/ exhibit different states of minds and attitudes of the speaker, and as such cannot be used interchangeably.Both versions exhibit a softening function, however to different degrees. When /l/ is used, it suggests more assertion rather than softening, and the opinion is more forceful than when /le/ is used. For this reason, it is false that the /le/ version is the one Wee (2004) is referring to. Wee (2004122) also used the following(8)(A and B are talking about a movie)A plainly so few people lah, maybe bec ause it has been running for quite some time lah.B Actually two weeks only leh.Wee again uses this as an example of leh acting as a softener. Once again, it is not clear which leh is used. In this example, if /l/ is used, the assertion of it being two weeks only is much more forceful than that of /le/. It further goes to show how these two particles should be defined properly. I will address the issue of leh being used as a softener later in this paper.3.3 Lee (2007)Lee (2007) identifies three tonal variants of leh in his paper, and suggests that each particle has its own pragmatic function realised in particular(prenominal) speech contexts. He claims they can be realised in tone 1, tone3 and tone 4 of Mandarin Chinese respectively.In addition to identifying the more commonly known /le/ as leh1, Lee (2007) also correctly identifies /l/ in his paper. He found two tonal variants of it leh3 and leh4. However he too, makes no mention of the differentiation in pronunciation. For the sa ke of discussion, we will assume that he has made the correct distinction between /l/ and /le/. In marker the variants of /l/, Lee (2007) categorises leh3 as being a marker of intent and leh4 as a marker of assertion. One of the functions Lee (2007) has accorded the use of leh3 is that of reporting a new state of affairs which is assumed to be beyond the addressees knowledge. However, as I will show later in the presentation of data, that this is not necessarily true. Even with speakers knowing that each other has knowledge of a particular piece of information, the particle can be used.Lee (2007) also does not full expand the section on the usage of the leh4 variant that he calls marker of assertion. He suggests only a subtle distinction between the third of twenty-five percent tones of the particle (2007 15). This is not true, and as data will show, leh4 can capture and reflect different meanings and attitudes of the speaker, including the suggestion of exaggerated emphasis or sa rcasm. This as a result would mean more than just a subtle distinction between the two particles.4. The different forms of lehThe data used and presented in this paper have been taken from conversational interactions between Singaporeans using SCE. Because of the naturally occurring circumstances of which these data have been obtained, they are authentic instances of the use of SCE (and thus the use of the leh particles). These data would be analysed and they form the basis of presenting the different forms of leh in this paper.In Lees (2007) study, he separated leh into three different tonal variants, where within one tonal variant the particle could take on different meanings. I would take a similar approach, however I make a marked distinction between the /le/ and /l/ forms of leh.The analysis would be separated into two major parts, with the first part being the more commonly known /le/ version of leh, and the aid detailing the /l/ of leh which I will represent with lea.4.1 /l e/ lehThe /le/ leh consists of a number of variants, and I will attempt to separate them into their particular functions.4.1.1 Leh as a Softener realised as tone 1 in Mandarin ChineseAs has been categorised by Lee (2007 7), this leh occurs in the second part of an adjacency pair, whereby the speaker is otiose or unwilling to provide a preferred response with respect to a proposition introduced by the addressee in the first part of discourse. Lee calls this the dispreferred second (2007 7). According to Yule (1996 79), the preferred is the structurally expected adjoining act and the dispreferred is the structurally unexpected next act. Therefore, disagreements and refusals are next acts which are unexpected. Yule (1996) has found that in English, hesitation and prefaces are used to make a response (as a dispreferred second) less challenging to the first, thereby softening an unexpected next act. In SCE, leh performs a similar function.Thus as mentioned, this leh is used by a speak er in response to something said prior that the speaker does not agree with. This does not necessarily have to be an opinion of which one can blatantly state an agreement or disagreement with, but also requests or false statements. The leh is tagged to the dispreferred second of an utterance, and thus performs a function of softening the blow of an unexpected next act.(9)A Eh, later after this we go get something to eat.B Later? I got something on leh.In (9), A is suggesting to B that they go for a meal after their current activity. However, B is unable to make it. In this instance, B is offering a refusal to As invitation. He does not refuse the invitation immediately. Rather, he answers the question indirectly by stating that he has something on, which naturally would be taken to mean that he wouldnt be free for As meal invitation. This indirect refusal could be taken to be a way of making the refusal less challenging. Even so, leh is still used to further soften the refusal.Leh is able to perform this softening function because the usage of leh suggests an attitude of a willingness to compromise, or to bring off a position whether it is an intention the speaker is trying to convey or not. For instance in (9), because the use of leh softens the unexpected next act of refusal, we see the following exchange(10)A Eh, later after this we go get something to eat.B Later? I got something on leh.A Huh? What thing? Eat lahB Cannot lah.The use of leh by B suggests a position of the possibility of negotiation rather than closing the door on any possibility of accepting the invitation with an outright rejection, which explains why A continued by attempting to change Bs mind and getting him to accept the invitation. B clearly did not have the intention to treat because he promptly put an end to As attempts to persuade by refusing the invitation outright in his second utterance. Thus, leh performs a softening function in suggesting a position of compromise and willin gness to negotiate, therefore making a refusal or rejection less challenging.(11)(A and B are discussing the price of a new phone. A thinks the price is expensive, while B thinks it is a reasonable price)A Cheap? Then you buy me one lor.B Please leh, cheap also need money. Buy for you I might as well buy more for myself.